MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE WESTERN USA
  • Defining the Problem
    • What is a Weed? >
      • Federal Definitions of Noxious Weeds
    • Costs of invasive plants
    • Human Factor
    • Challenges of Invasive Plants
    • Wildfires in the Western USA >
      • Forest Fires: Structure
      • Bark Beetles & Forest Ecosystems
      • Rangeland Fires
    • Climate Change Impacts on Plants >
      • Climate Change: CO2, NO, UV, Ozone Impacts on Plants
      • Climate Change Impacts on Crops
      • Climate Change Impacts on C4 Plants
      • Climate Change Impacts on Rangeland
    • What are we doing?
  • Focus of this Project
    • Why Western States? >
      • Audience for these reports
    • History: Are we doomed to repeat it? >
      • Dust Bowl Re-visited >
        • China: Past & Present
        • UN Biodiversity Report
    • Policy vs. Practice
    • Ecosystems & Economics >
      • Reductionist Approach to science
      • Ecology & Feminism
      • Systems View of Life
      • Ecosystems Health
      • Economic Growth
      • Impact of the Petrochemical Industry
      • Interrelation of Economics & Ecology
    • Federal Agencies >
      • Federal Agencies and Invasive Species
      • History of Coordination with States
      • Challenges of Coordination between Federal Agencies
      • Collaboration or Confusion
    • Organizations to assist landowners
    • Federal Legislation on Invasive Species >
      • 1930s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • Federal Seed Act 1939
      • 1940s-1960s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1970s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1980s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1990s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 2000-2010 Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 2011-2022 Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • Federal Bills on Invasive Species not passed
      • Executive Orders on Invasive Species
      • Federal Excise Taxes
    • State Laws and Lists of Noxious Weeds
    • My Inspirations
  • Why we need plants
    • Native Plants
    • Plant Resources
  • Invasive Success Hypotheses
    • Unified Framework
    • Role of Diversity >
      • How Ecosystems Maintain Diversity
      • Fluctuation Dependent Mechanisms
      • Competition-based coexistence mechanisms
      • Niche Differences
      • Species Richness
    • Enemy Release Hypothesis
    • Constitutive Defense Mechanisms
    • Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability
    • Role of Microbes
    • Indirect Defense Mechanisms
    • Novel weapons hypothesis
    • Evolutionary Shifts
    • Resource Allocation
    • Evolutionary Dynamics >
      • Pre-introduction evolutionary history
      • Sampling Effect
      • Founder Effect
      • Admixture, hybridization and polyploidization
      • Rapid Evolution
      • Epigenetics
      • Second Genomes
    • Role of Hybridization
    • Role of Native Plant Neighbors
    • Species Performance
    • Role of Herbivory
    • Evolutionary Reduced Competitive Ability
    • Summary Thoughts on Research
  • Historical Record
    • Regional Conferences
    • Timeline
  • Innovative Solutions
    • Grazing Solutions >
      • Sheep and Goat Grazing
      • Cattle & Sheep Grazing
      • Cattle and Bison Grazing
      • Grazing and Revegetation
    • Agricultural Best Practices >
      • Ecologically based Successional Management
      • Perennial Crops, Intercropping, beneficial insects
      • Soil Solarization
      • Natural Farming
      • Permaculture
      • Organic Farming
      • Embedding Natural Habitats
      • Conservation Tillage
      • Crop Rotation
      • Water Use Practices
      • Tree Planting: Pros & Cons
    • Rangeland Restoration >
      • Federal Goals for Rangelands
      • Novel Ecosystems
      • Prairie Restoration >
        • Prairie Restoration Workshop
        • Weed Prevention Areas
        • California grassland restoration
        • Selah: Bamberger Ranch Preserve
      • Sagebrush Steppe Restoration >
        • Low Nitrogen in Sagebrush Steppe
      • Revegetation with Native Plants
      • Dogs as detectors of noxious weeds
    • Habitat Conservation
    • Nudges
  • Biological Control
    • Insects as Biocontrol >
      • Impacts of Biocontrol Agents on Non-Target Species
      • Indirect Impact of Biocontrol on Native Species
    • Challenges of Using Biocontrols >
      • DNA studies on Biocontrol Insects
      • Biocontrol takes time
    • Prioritization process for Biocontrol Programs
    • Evolutionary changes impact Biocontrol
    • Vertebrates as Biocontrol Agents
  • Herbicides: History and Impacts
    • Effectiveness of Herbicides in Agricultural Lands
    • Effectiveness of Herbicides in Rangelands
    • History of Use of Herbicides and Pesticides Prior to and During WWII
    • Herbicide use during and post-World War II >
      • 2,4-D Herbicide Use
      • 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, post-World War II
    • Modern use of Herbicides >
      • Atrazine Herbicide
      • Dicamba Herbicide
      • Glyphosate Herbicide
      • Paraquat Dichloride
      • Picolinic acid family of herbicides >
        • Picloram (Tordon 22K) Herbicide
        • Triclopyr Herbicide
    • Herbicide Resistance in Invasive Plants >
      • Herbicide Resistant Crops
      • Controlling herbicide-resistant weeds in herbicide-resistant crops
      • Best Management Practices
    • Myth of the Silver Bullet
    • Myth of Eradication
    • Merging of Agrochemical Companies
    • Impacts of Pesticides on Environment and Human Health >
      • Pesticide Drift
      • Impacts of Pesticides on Biological Diversity
      • Impacts of Herbicides on Native Plants
      • Pesticide Impacts on Insects >
        • Butterflies: The Impacts of Herbicides
        • Monarch Butterflies: Impacts of Herbicides
      • Impacts of Pesticides on Wildlife >
        • Reptiles & Amphibians: Pesticide Impacts
      • Pesticide Residue in Foods
    • Funding for Research on Pesticides
    • Commentary on Herbicide Use
  • Interviews
    • Interviews Biocontrol >
      • Biocontrol Wyoming
      • Montana Biocontrol Interview Maggio
      • Montana Biocontrol Interview Breitenfeldt
    • California Interviews >
      • Robert Price
      • Doug Johnson
    • Colorado Interviews >
      • George Beck Interview
      • Scott Nissen Interview
    • Idaho Interviews >
      • Purple Sage Organic Farms in Idaho
    • Montana Interviews >
      • Jasmine Reimer Interview Montana
      • Organic Farms Montana Interviews
    • Texas Interviews
    • Washington Interviews >
      • Ray Willard
    • Wyoming Interviews >
      • Slade Franklin Interview
      • John Samson Interview
    • Wyoming Weed and Pest Districts >
      • Josh Shorb Interview
      • Slade Franklin Interview 2
      • Lars Baker Interview
      • Steve Brill Interview
      • George Hittle Interview
      • Peter Illoway Interview
      • Robert Jenn Interview
      • Sharon Johnson Interview
      • Larry Justesen Interview
      • Gale Lamb Interview
      • Stephen McNamee Interview
      • Allen Mooney Interview
      • Rob Orchard Interview
      • Robert Parsons Interview
      • Dick Sackett Interview
      • Comments by Delena
    • NRCS Interviews: Wyoming
  • Western Weed Control Conference 1940s Minutes
    • 1942 Conference
    • 1945 Conference
    • 1946 Conference
  • Who am I?
    • My Work
    • My Adventures
    • Contact Page
  • Road Logs
    • Colorado Road Logs
    • Idaho Road Logs
    • Montana Road Logs
    • New Mexico Road Logs
    • Texas Road Logs
    • Wyoming Road Logs
  • Bibliography

US Federal Legislation passed 2000-2010

 Photo: Waimea Canyon, Kauai, Hawaii. Copyright 2010 Delena Norris-Tull

Legislation signed into law in 2000-2010:

​
Summarized by Dr. Delena Norris-Tull, Professor Emerita of Science Education, University of Montana Western, updated June 2022
 
Plant Protection Act, 2000
                  Pub. L. 106-224
 
                  7 USC 7701-7772
                  US Code, Title 7, Agriculture
                  Chapter 104, Plant Protection
                  Sections 7701-7772
 
                   Agency: USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
 
Replaces the Federal Noxious Weed Act (PL 93-629) and other APHIS Plant Protection Authorities
                 
Consolidates all major statutes pertaining to plant protection and quarantine. Permits APHIS to address all types of weed issues, including taking emergency and extraordinary actions to address incursions of noxious weeds, and regulating the introduction of biological control agents.
 
The Plant Protection Act authorizes the US Secretary of the Department of Agriculture to issue regulations to prevent the introduction of plant pests and noxious weeds into the United States and to prevent their dissemination within the United States. The Secretary may develop a list of noxious weeds. The law ensures that scientists will participate in research on plants pests and noxious weeds.
 
Section 2814 of the Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974, titled “Management of undesirable plants on Federal Lands,” was the only section retained from the 1974 law. The Plant Protection Act also is an amendment of the Plant Quarantine Act and the Federal Plant Pest Act.
 
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act, 2002, amended through 2022
                  Pub. L. 107-188, June 12, 2002
 
                  42 USC 201 et seq.
                  US Code, Title 42, The Public Health & Welfare
                  Chapter 6A, Public Health Service
                  Section 201 et seq.
 
                  Agencies: USDA: Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS); Department of Health and Human Services: Food & Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, National Disaster Medical System
 
This law was passed in response to the bombing of the Twin Towers in New York City on September 11, 2001. The purpose of the law is to ensure coordination and minimize duplication between Federal, State, and local agencies’ preparedness and response activities, including during the investigation of a suspicious disease outbreak or other public health emergency. And it created the National Disaster Medical System.
 
Subtitle C of the law: “General Provisions Relating to Upgrade of Agricultural Security,” states, “The Secretary of Agriculture… may utilize existing authorities to give high priority to enhancing and expanding the capacity of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service to conduct activities to--
    (1) increase the inspection capacity of the Service at international points of origin;
    (2) improve surveillance at ports of entry and customs;
    (3) enhance methods of protecting against the introduction of plant and animal disease organisms by terrorists;
    (4) develop new and improve existing strategies and technologies for dealing with intentional outbreaks of plant and animal disease arising from acts of terrorism or from unintentional introduction, including--
    (A) establishing cooperative agreements among Veterinary Services of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service, State animal health commissions and regulatory agencies for livestock and poultry health, and private veterinary practitioners to enhance the preparedness and ability of Veterinary Services and the commissions and agencies to respond to outbreaks of such animal diseases; and
    (B) strengthening planning and coordination with State and local agencies, including--
          (i) State animal health commissions and regulatory agencies for livestock and poultry health; and
          (ii) State agriculture departments; and
    (5) otherwise improve the capacity of the Service to protect against the threat of bioterrorism.”
 
While it may not immediately be apparent how this law relates to management of invasive plants, and it is highly unlikely that invasive plants could be used for bioterrorism, this law gave the HHS and USDA additional support to assist State Departments of Agriculture. And it gives the FDA additional support for the inspection of imported foods, including plants. And this law provides funding to the Agricultural Research Service to upgrade agricultural research facilities.
 
Noxious Weed Control and Eradication Act, 2004
                 Public Law 108-412, Oct. 30, 2004; amends the Plant Protection Act, 2000
                 
                  7 USC 7701; 7781-7786
                  US Code, Title 7, Agriculture
                  Chapter 104, Plant Protection
                  Sections 7701; 7781-7786
                 
                    Agency: USDA
 
Provides technical and financial assistance to control or eradicate noxious weeds; can provide grants to weed management entities.
 
Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users, 2005
                  Public Law 109-59, August 10, 2005
 
                  23 USC 6006
                  US Code, Title 23, Highways
                  Chapter 3, General Provisions
                  Section 6006
 
                    Agency: US Dept of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration
 
The Act provides Federal support to Federal, State, tribal, and local highways, National scenic byways; construction of ferry systems; research on highway safety, transportation systems.
 
Section 6006: “ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION AND POLLUTION ABATEMENT; CONTROL OF NOXIOUS WEEDS AND AQUATIC NOXIOUS WEEDS AND ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIVE SPECIES.” This section makes State and tribal activities for control of noxious weeds and the establishment of native species eligible for Federal funds. The eligible projects include restoration along National highways, any transportation or highway project funded by the Act, including stormwater treatment systems, soil stabilization, and aesthetic enhancement.
 
Public Lands Corps Healthy Forests Restoration Act, 2005, amends the Public Lands Corps Act of 1993
                  Public Law 109-154, Dec. 30, 2005
 
                  16 USC 1701-1730
                  US Code, Title 16, Conservation
                  Chapter 37, Youth Conservation Corps & Public Lands Corps
                  Sections 1701-1730
 
                  Agency: USDA Forest Services; US Dept. of the Interior
 
Provides support for wildfire risk assessment, to protect watersheds from wildfires; “to address the impact of insect or disease infestations on forests and rangeland health”; to restore forest ecosystems, including protection of endangered species, improvement of biological diversity, enhancement of forest productivity & carbon sequestration; promotes programs on tribal lands; provides disaster relief; supports conservation programs through conservation corps.
 
Saltcedar and Russian Olive Control Demonstration Act, 2006
                  Pub. L. 109-320, Oct. 11, 2006
                 
                  7 USC 7781-7786
                  US Code, Title 7, Agriculture
                  Chapter 104, Plant Protection
                  Subchapter V, Noxious Weed Control & Eradication
                  Sections 7781-7786
 
                  Agencies: US Dept of the Interior; US Department of Agriculture; US Department of Defense
                 
This law provides an avenue for States, local governments, and Tribes to obtain support from the US Department of the Interior to manage invasive plants. It provides for a demonstration program and an assessment of the effectiveness in controlling these two invasive species.
 
“The Secretary of the Interior…, acting through the Commissioner of Reclamation and the Director of the United States Geological Survey and in cooperation with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Defense, shall carry out a salt cedar (Tamarix spp) and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) assessment and demonstration program-
   (1) to assess the extent of the infestation by salt cedar and Russian olive trees in the western United States;
   (2) to demonstrate strategic solutions for
      (A) the long-term management of salt cedar and Russian olive trees; and
       (B) the reestablishment of native vegetation; and
   (3) to assess economic means to dispose of biomass created as a result of removal of salt cedar and Russian olive trees.”
 
“The Secretary shall establish a program to provide financial and technical assistance to control or eradicate noxious weeds… the Secretary shall make grants… to weed management entities for the control or eradication of noxious weeds.”
 
“The term ‘weed management entity’ means an entity that-
    (A) is recognized by the State in which it is established;
    (B) is established for the purpose of or has demonstrable expertise and significant experience in controlling or eradicating noxious weeds and increasing public knowledge and education concerning the need to control or eradicate noxious weeds;
    (C) may be multijurisdictional and multidisciplinary in nature;
    (D) may include representatives from Federal, State, local, or, where applicable, Indian Tribe governments, private organizations, individuals, and State-recognized conservation districts or State-recognized weed management districts; and
    (E) has existing authority to perform land management activities on Federal land if the proposed project or activity is on Federal lands.”
 
Previous Sections on Federal Legislation:
  • 1930s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
  • Federal Seed Act 1939
  • ​1940s-1960s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
  • 1970s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
  • 1980s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
  • 1990s Federal Laws on Invasive Species​

Next Sections on Federal & State Laws:
  • 2011-2022 Federal Laws on Invasive Species
  • Federal Bills on Invasive Species not passed
  • Executive Orders on Invasive Species
  • Federal Excise Taxes
  • State Laws and Lists of Noxious Weeds
Copyright: Dr. Delena Norris-Tull, July 2020. Management of Invasive Plants in the Western USA.

These webpages are always under construction. I welcome corrections and additions to any page.
​Send me an email, and I can send you the original Word format version of any page you wish to correct.
contact Dr. Norris-Tull
Bibliography
who am i?
My work
my inspirations
my adventures
  • Defining the Problem
    • What is a Weed? >
      • Federal Definitions of Noxious Weeds
    • Costs of invasive plants
    • Human Factor
    • Challenges of Invasive Plants
    • Wildfires in the Western USA >
      • Forest Fires: Structure
      • Bark Beetles & Forest Ecosystems
      • Rangeland Fires
    • Climate Change Impacts on Plants >
      • Climate Change: CO2, NO, UV, Ozone Impacts on Plants
      • Climate Change Impacts on Crops
      • Climate Change Impacts on C4 Plants
      • Climate Change Impacts on Rangeland
    • What are we doing?
  • Focus of this Project
    • Why Western States? >
      • Audience for these reports
    • History: Are we doomed to repeat it? >
      • Dust Bowl Re-visited >
        • China: Past & Present
        • UN Biodiversity Report
    • Policy vs. Practice
    • Ecosystems & Economics >
      • Reductionist Approach to science
      • Ecology & Feminism
      • Systems View of Life
      • Ecosystems Health
      • Economic Growth
      • Impact of the Petrochemical Industry
      • Interrelation of Economics & Ecology
    • Federal Agencies >
      • Federal Agencies and Invasive Species
      • History of Coordination with States
      • Challenges of Coordination between Federal Agencies
      • Collaboration or Confusion
    • Organizations to assist landowners
    • Federal Legislation on Invasive Species >
      • 1930s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • Federal Seed Act 1939
      • 1940s-1960s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1970s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1980s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1990s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 2000-2010 Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 2011-2022 Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • Federal Bills on Invasive Species not passed
      • Executive Orders on Invasive Species
      • Federal Excise Taxes
    • State Laws and Lists of Noxious Weeds
    • My Inspirations
  • Why we need plants
    • Native Plants
    • Plant Resources
  • Invasive Success Hypotheses
    • Unified Framework
    • Role of Diversity >
      • How Ecosystems Maintain Diversity
      • Fluctuation Dependent Mechanisms
      • Competition-based coexistence mechanisms
      • Niche Differences
      • Species Richness
    • Enemy Release Hypothesis
    • Constitutive Defense Mechanisms
    • Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability
    • Role of Microbes
    • Indirect Defense Mechanisms
    • Novel weapons hypothesis
    • Evolutionary Shifts
    • Resource Allocation
    • Evolutionary Dynamics >
      • Pre-introduction evolutionary history
      • Sampling Effect
      • Founder Effect
      • Admixture, hybridization and polyploidization
      • Rapid Evolution
      • Epigenetics
      • Second Genomes
    • Role of Hybridization
    • Role of Native Plant Neighbors
    • Species Performance
    • Role of Herbivory
    • Evolutionary Reduced Competitive Ability
    • Summary Thoughts on Research
  • Historical Record
    • Regional Conferences
    • Timeline
  • Innovative Solutions
    • Grazing Solutions >
      • Sheep and Goat Grazing
      • Cattle & Sheep Grazing
      • Cattle and Bison Grazing
      • Grazing and Revegetation
    • Agricultural Best Practices >
      • Ecologically based Successional Management
      • Perennial Crops, Intercropping, beneficial insects
      • Soil Solarization
      • Natural Farming
      • Permaculture
      • Organic Farming
      • Embedding Natural Habitats
      • Conservation Tillage
      • Crop Rotation
      • Water Use Practices
      • Tree Planting: Pros & Cons
    • Rangeland Restoration >
      • Federal Goals for Rangelands
      • Novel Ecosystems
      • Prairie Restoration >
        • Prairie Restoration Workshop
        • Weed Prevention Areas
        • California grassland restoration
        • Selah: Bamberger Ranch Preserve
      • Sagebrush Steppe Restoration >
        • Low Nitrogen in Sagebrush Steppe
      • Revegetation with Native Plants
      • Dogs as detectors of noxious weeds
    • Habitat Conservation
    • Nudges
  • Biological Control
    • Insects as Biocontrol >
      • Impacts of Biocontrol Agents on Non-Target Species
      • Indirect Impact of Biocontrol on Native Species
    • Challenges of Using Biocontrols >
      • DNA studies on Biocontrol Insects
      • Biocontrol takes time
    • Prioritization process for Biocontrol Programs
    • Evolutionary changes impact Biocontrol
    • Vertebrates as Biocontrol Agents
  • Herbicides: History and Impacts
    • Effectiveness of Herbicides in Agricultural Lands
    • Effectiveness of Herbicides in Rangelands
    • History of Use of Herbicides and Pesticides Prior to and During WWII
    • Herbicide use during and post-World War II >
      • 2,4-D Herbicide Use
      • 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, post-World War II
    • Modern use of Herbicides >
      • Atrazine Herbicide
      • Dicamba Herbicide
      • Glyphosate Herbicide
      • Paraquat Dichloride
      • Picolinic acid family of herbicides >
        • Picloram (Tordon 22K) Herbicide
        • Triclopyr Herbicide
    • Herbicide Resistance in Invasive Plants >
      • Herbicide Resistant Crops
      • Controlling herbicide-resistant weeds in herbicide-resistant crops
      • Best Management Practices
    • Myth of the Silver Bullet
    • Myth of Eradication
    • Merging of Agrochemical Companies
    • Impacts of Pesticides on Environment and Human Health >
      • Pesticide Drift
      • Impacts of Pesticides on Biological Diversity
      • Impacts of Herbicides on Native Plants
      • Pesticide Impacts on Insects >
        • Butterflies: The Impacts of Herbicides
        • Monarch Butterflies: Impacts of Herbicides
      • Impacts of Pesticides on Wildlife >
        • Reptiles & Amphibians: Pesticide Impacts
      • Pesticide Residue in Foods
    • Funding for Research on Pesticides
    • Commentary on Herbicide Use
  • Interviews
    • Interviews Biocontrol >
      • Biocontrol Wyoming
      • Montana Biocontrol Interview Maggio
      • Montana Biocontrol Interview Breitenfeldt
    • California Interviews >
      • Robert Price
      • Doug Johnson
    • Colorado Interviews >
      • George Beck Interview
      • Scott Nissen Interview
    • Idaho Interviews >
      • Purple Sage Organic Farms in Idaho
    • Montana Interviews >
      • Jasmine Reimer Interview Montana
      • Organic Farms Montana Interviews
    • Texas Interviews
    • Washington Interviews >
      • Ray Willard
    • Wyoming Interviews >
      • Slade Franklin Interview
      • John Samson Interview
    • Wyoming Weed and Pest Districts >
      • Josh Shorb Interview
      • Slade Franklin Interview 2
      • Lars Baker Interview
      • Steve Brill Interview
      • George Hittle Interview
      • Peter Illoway Interview
      • Robert Jenn Interview
      • Sharon Johnson Interview
      • Larry Justesen Interview
      • Gale Lamb Interview
      • Stephen McNamee Interview
      • Allen Mooney Interview
      • Rob Orchard Interview
      • Robert Parsons Interview
      • Dick Sackett Interview
      • Comments by Delena
    • NRCS Interviews: Wyoming
  • Western Weed Control Conference 1940s Minutes
    • 1942 Conference
    • 1945 Conference
    • 1946 Conference
  • Who am I?
    • My Work
    • My Adventures
    • Contact Page
  • Road Logs
    • Colorado Road Logs
    • Idaho Road Logs
    • Montana Road Logs
    • New Mexico Road Logs
    • Texas Road Logs
    • Wyoming Road Logs
  • Bibliography