MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE WESTERN USA
  • Defining the Problem
    • What is a Weed? >
      • Federal Definitions of Noxious Weeds
    • Costs of invasive plants
    • Human Factor
    • Challenges of Invasive Plants
    • Wildfires in the Western USA >
      • Forest Fires: Structure
      • Bark Beetles & Forest Ecosystems
      • Rangeland Fires
    • Climate Change Impacts on Plants >
      • Climate Change: CO2, NO, UV, Ozone Impacts on Plants
      • Climate Change Impacts on Crops
      • Climate Change Impacts on C4 Plants
      • Climate Change Impacts on Rangeland
    • What are we doing?
  • Focus of this Project
    • Why Western States? >
      • Audience for these reports
    • History: Are we doomed to repeat it? >
      • Dust Bowl Re-visited >
        • China: Past & Present
        • UN Biodiversity Report
    • Policy vs. Practice
    • Ecosystems & Economics >
      • Reductionist Approach to science
      • Ecology & Feminism
      • Systems View of Life
      • Ecosystems Health
      • Economic Growth
      • Impact of the Petrochemical Industry
      • Interrelation of Economics & Ecology
    • Federal Agencies >
      • Federal Agencies and Invasive Species
      • History of Coordination with States
      • Challenges of Coordination between Federal Agencies
      • Collaboration or Confusion
    • Organizations to assist landowners
    • Federal Legislation on Invasive Species >
      • 1930s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • Federal Seed Act 1939
      • 1940s-1960s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1970s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1980s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1990s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 2000-2010 Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 2011-2022 Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • Federal Bills on Invasive Species not passed
      • Executive Orders on Invasive Species
      • Federal Excise Taxes
    • State Laws and Lists of Noxious Weeds
    • My Inspirations
  • Why we need plants
    • Native Plants
    • Plant Resources
  • Invasive Success Hypotheses
    • Unified Framework
    • Role of Diversity >
      • How Ecosystems Maintain Diversity
      • Fluctuation Dependent Mechanisms
      • Competition-based coexistence mechanisms
      • Niche Differences
      • Species Richness
    • Enemy Release Hypothesis
    • Constitutive Defense Mechanisms
    • Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability
    • Role of Microbes
    • Indirect Defense Mechanisms
    • Novel weapons hypothesis
    • Evolutionary Shifts
    • Resource Allocation
    • Evolutionary Dynamics >
      • Pre-introduction evolutionary history
      • Sampling Effect
      • Founder Effect
      • Admixture, hybridization and polyploidization
      • Rapid Evolution
      • Epigenetics
      • Second Genomes
    • Role of Hybridization
    • Role of Native Plant Neighbors
    • Species Performance
    • Role of Herbivory
    • Evolutionary Reduced Competitive Ability
    • Summary Thoughts on Research
  • Historical Record
    • Regional Conferences
    • Timeline
  • Innovative Solutions
    • Agricultural Best Practices >
      • Ecologically based Successional Management
      • Perennial Crops, Intercropping, beneficial insects
      • Soil Solarization
      • Natural Farming
      • Permaculture
      • Organic Farming
      • Embedding Natural Habitats
      • Conservation Tillage
      • Crop Rotation
      • Water Use Practices
      • Tree Planting: Pros & Cons
    • Grazing Solutions >
      • Sheep and Goat Grazing
      • Cattle & Sheep Grazing
      • Cattle and Bison Grazing
      • Grazing and Revegetation
    • Rangeland Restoration >
      • Federal Goals for Rangelands
      • Novel Ecosystems
      • Prairie Restoration >
        • Prairie Restoration Workshop
        • Weed Prevention Areas
        • California grassland restoration
        • Selah: Bamberger Ranch Preserve
      • Sagebrush Steppe Restoration >
        • Low Nitrogen in Sagebrush Steppe
      • Revegetation with Native Plants
      • Dogs as detectors of noxious weeds
    • Nudges
  • Biological Control
    • Insects as Biocontrol >
      • Impacts of Biocontrol Agents on Non-Target Species
      • Indirect Impact of Biocontrol on Native Species
    • Challenges of Using Biocontrols >
      • DNA studies on Biocontrol Insects
      • Biocontrol takes time
    • Prioritization process for Biocontrol Programs
    • Evolutionary changes impact Biocontrol
    • Vertebrates as Biocontrol Agents
  • Herbicides: History and Impacts
    • Effectiveness of Herbicides in Agricultural Lands
    • Effectiveness of Herbicides in Rangelands
    • History of Use of Herbicides and Pesticides Prior to and During WWII
    • Herbicide use during and post-World War II >
      • 2,4-D Herbicide Use
      • 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, post-World War II
    • Modern use of Herbicides >
      • Atrazine Herbicide
      • Dicamba Herbicide
      • Glyphosate Herbicide
      • Paraquat Dichloride
      • Picolinic acid family of herbicides >
        • Picloram (Tordon 22K) Herbicide
        • Triclopyr Herbicide
    • Herbicide Resistance in Invasive Plants >
      • Herbicide Resistant Crops
      • Controlling herbicide-resistant weeds in herbicide-resistant crops
      • Best Management Practices
    • Myth of the Silver Bullet
    • Myth of Eradication
    • Merging of Agrochemical Companies
    • Impacts of Pesticides on Environment and Human Health >
      • Pesticide Drift
      • Impacts of Pesticides on Biological Diversity
      • Impacts of Herbicides on Native Plants
      • Pesticide Impacts on Insects >
        • Butterflies: The Impacts of Herbicides
        • Monarch Butterflies: Impacts of Herbicides
      • Impacts of Pesticides on Wildlife >
        • Reptiles & Amphibians: Pesticide Impacts
      • Pesticide Residue in Foods
    • Funding for Research on Pesticides
    • Commentary on Herbicide Use
  • Interviews
    • Interviews Biocontrol >
      • Biocontrol Wyoming
      • Montana Biocontrol Interview Maggio
      • Montana Biocontrol Interview Breitenfeldt
    • California Interviews >
      • Robert Price
      • Doug Johnson
    • Colorado Interviews >
      • George Beck Interview
      • Scott Nissen Interview
    • Idaho Interviews >
      • Purple Sage Organic Farms in Idaho
    • Montana Interviews >
      • Jasmine Reimer Interview Montana
      • Organic Farms Montana Interviews
    • Texas Interviews
    • Washington Interviews >
      • Ray Willard
    • Wyoming Interviews >
      • Slade Franklin Interview
      • John Samson Interview
    • Wyoming Weed and Pest Districts >
      • Josh Shorb Interview
      • Slade Franklin Interview 2
      • Lars Baker Interview
      • Steve Brill Interview
      • George Hittle Interview
      • Peter Illoway Interview
      • Robert Jenn Interview
      • Sharon Johnson Interview
      • Larry Justesen Interview
      • Gale Lamb Interview
      • Stephen McNamee Interview
      • Allen Mooney Interview
      • Rob Orchard Interview
      • Robert Parsons Interview
      • Dick Sackett Interview
      • Comments by Delena
    • NRCS Interviews: Wyoming
  • Western Weed Control Conference 1940s Minutes
    • 1942 Conference
    • 1945 Conference
    • 1946 Conference
  • Who am I?
    • My Work
    • My Adventures
    • Contact Page
  • Road Logs
    • Colorado Road Logs
    • Idaho Road Logs
    • Montana Road Logs
    • New Mexico Road Logs
    • Texas Road Logs
    • Wyoming Road Logs
  • Bibliography

China: Agricultural Practices, Past & Present

Photo: Failed attempt to grow trees on the Loess Plateau, Yellow River, China, 2007. © 2007 Delena Norris-Tull

China: Agricultural Practices Past and Present
 
I have had the amazing opportunity to visit, and travel expensively, within China. In 2007, 2009, and again in 2012, I spent a full month on each trip, traveling across the country by train and plane, visiting various friends, making new friends, and providing professional development to teachers in various schools. Other countries, such as India, also have major problems related to soil loss. But I will use China as an example of the results of decades of poor management of agricultural lands, as it serves as a cautionary tale for the rest of the world, including the USA.
 
In 2018, 564 million (40%) of the 1.3 billon Chinese lived in rural areas (Statista.com). Only 10% of the land in China is arable (able to be cultivated), most of that in the eastern provinces. China and the continental USA are roughly the same size. In the USA, 20% of the land in the continental States is arable, and we have one billion fewer people.
 
I was able to observe many rural areas during my travels. During my first visit to China in 2007, I had the incredible opportunity to travel by train from Xian to Lhasa, Tibet. During that 39-hour train ride, I witnessed and photographed the extent of the damage to farming and grazing areas in northern and western China, particularly on the Loess Plateau and the Tibetan Plateau. The Loess Plateau is an area that covers 640,000 square kilometers across seven provinces in northern and western China. The plateau was created by windblown soil that is hundreds of meters thick in many areas. It is a powdery, highly erodible soil. The Yellow River flows through much of the plateau. The river gets its name from the silt that it carries across the plateau.
 
The damages to the land that I observed during my train rides were largely the result of improper agricultural practices forced on the rural populace by Chairman Mao Zedong’s single-minded attempts in the 1950s to become a world exporter of wheat, other grains, and steel.
 
Prior to the Communist takeover of China, many areas of China were covered with forests and grasslands, and, in addition to farming, many people raised sheep and goats and planted orchards. As a result of the policies of Mao Zedong, massive tree cutting occurred in the 1950s, as rural residents were required to destroy orchards and forests to grow grains, and to keep a large backyard furnace going at all times, to melt metals (including pots and pans) to make steel (Becker, 2000, p. 35). Many trees were cut to build terraces to grow more grains. Planting crops on steep terraces caused massive erosion. Due to these policies, thousands of years of agricultural knowledge were ignored, and massive amounts of soil eroded away.
 
84,000 dams were built during the Mao era (earthen dams, many of which were destroyed in large floods from 1973 to 1977). Huge human and financial resources were expended to complete these projects. One-third of the 10 million rural residents who were displaced to make way for the dams still live in abject poverty today, and one-third more live at mere subsistence levels. One dam that broke in 1975 killed an estimated 85,000 people.
 
The agricultural policies of the 1950s combined to cause the greatest famine in Chinese history, which resulted in an estimated 38-45 million people dying of starvation between 1958-1962. Extensive damage was caused to the Loess Plateau. Riverbeds dried up, and hills became barren. Periods of drought increased.
 
Today, water is so scarce throughout China, that many rural residents dig holes in the ground to act as cisterns, and rely on collecting rain water for agriculture and living (Becker, 2000, p. 36).
 
After Mao Zedong’s death in 1976, Deng Xiaoping gained political power in the government by 1978. Under his leadership, the Communist Party initiated many reforms in the 1980s (Starr, 2001, p. 76). In regards to agriculture, the Party changed the way agricultural land was administered. When the Communist Party took over the rule of China in 1949, almost all agricultural land was converted to either ownership by the state or by collectives, later called people’s communes. A collective is a large group of people who have local ownership and management of the land. However, after Deng’s reforms, revisions to the collectives enabled them to lease the land to households, who had a contract that designated how much grain or other product had to be produced, and how much would be given back to the state. Eventually, the collectives evolved into economic cooperatives. While the household contracts gave households some ability to decide what to grow, and the ability to sell any surplus product, the system does not give households much incentive to conserve water or soil, thus it contributes to further environmental degradation. Also, lack of education often results in overuse and inappropriate use of pesticides and herbicides.
 
Although China is the world’s leader in the use of renewable energy, coal still provides 66% of energy consumption (Sastry, 2020). In the countryside, farm communities rely heavily on trees and plant stalks for cooking and heating. This has led to additional problems with deforestation. In recent decades, more than 300 million acres have been deforested. This has led to the desertification of about 16 million acres (Starr, 2001, p. 177). This has resulted in major dust storms that carry silt across China. I experienced these dust storms while visiting Beijing.
 
Today, there is still a belief that terraces and dams are effective means of increasing agricultural production. However, terraces are now forbidden on slopes with greater than a 25 degree gradient. New efforts are in place to plant grass, bushes, and trees to stabilize the soil (Becker, 2000, p. 36). While in the more fertile areas of China, farmers have been able to purchase mechanized farm equipment, 90% of harvesting is still done manually and 80% of sowing is manual. My train rides across the drought-prone areas of northern and western China revealed very little mechanized farming.
 
Rural residents supposedly can lease land that is returned to forestry, and to use the new pasture to raise sheep and goats (Becker, 2000, p. 37). But so far, very little land has actually been restored to such use.
 
In 1997, the Yellow River ran dry for 9 months of the year, 600 miles before reaching the sea. The aquifer under the river is dropping at the rate of 4 feet per year (Becker, 2000, p. 38).
 
So much of the land is now unusable, that the government plans to relocate millions of people living in the poorest regions. The relocation is contingent on the building of hundreds of earthen dams along the Yellow River, in order to provide enough irrigation water to create farmable land for the displaced people to live on.
 
In 1995, the Loess Plateau Watershed Rehabilitation Project was initiated. With the assistance of the World Bank, Chinese scientists have worked closely with international agro-scientists, to attempt to restore the plateau. The plan that was developed incorporates the following strategies: Ban tree cutting; ban planting crops on steep slopes; ban free-range livestock grazing; create clear policies to guide farmers assigned to take care of each section of land; designate distinctions between ecological and economic land, to enable marginal lands to return to natural vegetative cover; integrate watershed management practices, including agro-foresty methods, reforestation, and grasslands regeneration.
 
However, twelve years later, what I witnessed in 2007 was mass wasting of hillside terraces on the Loess Plateau, unsuccessful attempts to re-plant trees, the dried-up basin of the Yellow River, and silted lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. The erosion on the hillsides had forced farmers to plant their crops in the dry river bottoms.

References:
  • Becker, J. (2000). The Chinese. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Sastry, S.V.A.R. (August, 2020). Changes in energy consumption patterns: A case study of India and China. Annals of Faculty Engineering Hunedoara: International Journal of Engineering, XVIII (3):163-170.
  • Starr, J.B. (2001). Understanding China. New York: Hill & Wang.

Next Sections:
  • UN Biodiversity Report
  • Policy vs. Practice
  • Ecosystems & Economics
  • ​Why we need plants
  • Invasive Success Hypotheses​

​Photo Gallery: Trips across China, views of agricultural lands:
2007: Xi'an to Lhasa, from the Loess Plateau and the Yellow River, to the Tibetan Plateau
2012: Bus trip to northern Inner Mongolia; Train from Hohhot to Beijing. All photos by Delena Norris-Tull
Smog, village north of Xi'an, 2007
Erosion, Loess Plateau, 2007
Erosion, Loess Plateau, 2007
Erosion, Loess Plateau, 2007
Revegetation, Loess Plateau, 2007
Dam, Loess Plateau, 2007
Revegetation, Loess Plateau, 2007
Village, Loess Plateau, 2007
Erosion, Loess Plateau, 2007
Erosion & Dry River Bed, Loess Plateau, 2007
Silted River Bed, Loess Plateau, 2007
Crops in River Bed, Loess Plateau, 2007
Silted River Bed, Loess Plateau, 2007
Erosion & Revegetation, Loess Plateau, 2007
Erosion & Village, Loess Plateau, 2007
Erosion by Village, Loess Plateau, 2007
Erosionn & Revegetation, Loess Plateau, 2007
Failed tree planting, Loess Plateau, 2007
Erosion, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Qinghai Lake, largest salt water lake in China, west of Xining, 2007
Silt in Qinghai Lake, 2007
Erosion & Village, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Erosion & Grazing Yaks & Sheep, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Village, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Village, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Pipes to prevent thaw of permafrost, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Erosion, Yaks & Sheep, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Grazing Yaks, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Manual Labor near Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Village, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Erosion & Village, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Erosion & Village, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Erosion & Village, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Erosion & Village, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Temple near Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Manual labor near Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Manual labor near Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Farm near Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau, 2007
Erosion, Inner Mongolia, 2012
Erosion, Inner Mongolia, 2012
Erosion, Inner Mongolia, 2012
Erosion, Inner Mongolia, 2012
Erosion east of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 2012
Farm east of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 2012
Erosion east of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 2012
Erosion east of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 2012
Village east of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 2012
Village east of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 2012
Village east of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 2012
Copyright: Dr. Delena Norris-Tull, July 2020. Management of Invasive Plants in the Western USA.

These webpages are always under construction. I welcome corrections and additions to any page.
​Send me an email, and I can send you the original Word format version of any page you wish to correct.
contact Dr. Norris-Tull
Bibliography
who am i?
My work
my inspirations
my adventures
  • Defining the Problem
    • What is a Weed? >
      • Federal Definitions of Noxious Weeds
    • Costs of invasive plants
    • Human Factor
    • Challenges of Invasive Plants
    • Wildfires in the Western USA >
      • Forest Fires: Structure
      • Bark Beetles & Forest Ecosystems
      • Rangeland Fires
    • Climate Change Impacts on Plants >
      • Climate Change: CO2, NO, UV, Ozone Impacts on Plants
      • Climate Change Impacts on Crops
      • Climate Change Impacts on C4 Plants
      • Climate Change Impacts on Rangeland
    • What are we doing?
  • Focus of this Project
    • Why Western States? >
      • Audience for these reports
    • History: Are we doomed to repeat it? >
      • Dust Bowl Re-visited >
        • China: Past & Present
        • UN Biodiversity Report
    • Policy vs. Practice
    • Ecosystems & Economics >
      • Reductionist Approach to science
      • Ecology & Feminism
      • Systems View of Life
      • Ecosystems Health
      • Economic Growth
      • Impact of the Petrochemical Industry
      • Interrelation of Economics & Ecology
    • Federal Agencies >
      • Federal Agencies and Invasive Species
      • History of Coordination with States
      • Challenges of Coordination between Federal Agencies
      • Collaboration or Confusion
    • Organizations to assist landowners
    • Federal Legislation on Invasive Species >
      • 1930s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • Federal Seed Act 1939
      • 1940s-1960s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1970s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1980s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1990s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 2000-2010 Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 2011-2022 Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • Federal Bills on Invasive Species not passed
      • Executive Orders on Invasive Species
      • Federal Excise Taxes
    • State Laws and Lists of Noxious Weeds
    • My Inspirations
  • Why we need plants
    • Native Plants
    • Plant Resources
  • Invasive Success Hypotheses
    • Unified Framework
    • Role of Diversity >
      • How Ecosystems Maintain Diversity
      • Fluctuation Dependent Mechanisms
      • Competition-based coexistence mechanisms
      • Niche Differences
      • Species Richness
    • Enemy Release Hypothesis
    • Constitutive Defense Mechanisms
    • Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability
    • Role of Microbes
    • Indirect Defense Mechanisms
    • Novel weapons hypothesis
    • Evolutionary Shifts
    • Resource Allocation
    • Evolutionary Dynamics >
      • Pre-introduction evolutionary history
      • Sampling Effect
      • Founder Effect
      • Admixture, hybridization and polyploidization
      • Rapid Evolution
      • Epigenetics
      • Second Genomes
    • Role of Hybridization
    • Role of Native Plant Neighbors
    • Species Performance
    • Role of Herbivory
    • Evolutionary Reduced Competitive Ability
    • Summary Thoughts on Research
  • Historical Record
    • Regional Conferences
    • Timeline
  • Innovative Solutions
    • Agricultural Best Practices >
      • Ecologically based Successional Management
      • Perennial Crops, Intercropping, beneficial insects
      • Soil Solarization
      • Natural Farming
      • Permaculture
      • Organic Farming
      • Embedding Natural Habitats
      • Conservation Tillage
      • Crop Rotation
      • Water Use Practices
      • Tree Planting: Pros & Cons
    • Grazing Solutions >
      • Sheep and Goat Grazing
      • Cattle & Sheep Grazing
      • Cattle and Bison Grazing
      • Grazing and Revegetation
    • Rangeland Restoration >
      • Federal Goals for Rangelands
      • Novel Ecosystems
      • Prairie Restoration >
        • Prairie Restoration Workshop
        • Weed Prevention Areas
        • California grassland restoration
        • Selah: Bamberger Ranch Preserve
      • Sagebrush Steppe Restoration >
        • Low Nitrogen in Sagebrush Steppe
      • Revegetation with Native Plants
      • Dogs as detectors of noxious weeds
    • Nudges
  • Biological Control
    • Insects as Biocontrol >
      • Impacts of Biocontrol Agents on Non-Target Species
      • Indirect Impact of Biocontrol on Native Species
    • Challenges of Using Biocontrols >
      • DNA studies on Biocontrol Insects
      • Biocontrol takes time
    • Prioritization process for Biocontrol Programs
    • Evolutionary changes impact Biocontrol
    • Vertebrates as Biocontrol Agents
  • Herbicides: History and Impacts
    • Effectiveness of Herbicides in Agricultural Lands
    • Effectiveness of Herbicides in Rangelands
    • History of Use of Herbicides and Pesticides Prior to and During WWII
    • Herbicide use during and post-World War II >
      • 2,4-D Herbicide Use
      • 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, post-World War II
    • Modern use of Herbicides >
      • Atrazine Herbicide
      • Dicamba Herbicide
      • Glyphosate Herbicide
      • Paraquat Dichloride
      • Picolinic acid family of herbicides >
        • Picloram (Tordon 22K) Herbicide
        • Triclopyr Herbicide
    • Herbicide Resistance in Invasive Plants >
      • Herbicide Resistant Crops
      • Controlling herbicide-resistant weeds in herbicide-resistant crops
      • Best Management Practices
    • Myth of the Silver Bullet
    • Myth of Eradication
    • Merging of Agrochemical Companies
    • Impacts of Pesticides on Environment and Human Health >
      • Pesticide Drift
      • Impacts of Pesticides on Biological Diversity
      • Impacts of Herbicides on Native Plants
      • Pesticide Impacts on Insects >
        • Butterflies: The Impacts of Herbicides
        • Monarch Butterflies: Impacts of Herbicides
      • Impacts of Pesticides on Wildlife >
        • Reptiles & Amphibians: Pesticide Impacts
      • Pesticide Residue in Foods
    • Funding for Research on Pesticides
    • Commentary on Herbicide Use
  • Interviews
    • Interviews Biocontrol >
      • Biocontrol Wyoming
      • Montana Biocontrol Interview Maggio
      • Montana Biocontrol Interview Breitenfeldt
    • California Interviews >
      • Robert Price
      • Doug Johnson
    • Colorado Interviews >
      • George Beck Interview
      • Scott Nissen Interview
    • Idaho Interviews >
      • Purple Sage Organic Farms in Idaho
    • Montana Interviews >
      • Jasmine Reimer Interview Montana
      • Organic Farms Montana Interviews
    • Texas Interviews
    • Washington Interviews >
      • Ray Willard
    • Wyoming Interviews >
      • Slade Franklin Interview
      • John Samson Interview
    • Wyoming Weed and Pest Districts >
      • Josh Shorb Interview
      • Slade Franklin Interview 2
      • Lars Baker Interview
      • Steve Brill Interview
      • George Hittle Interview
      • Peter Illoway Interview
      • Robert Jenn Interview
      • Sharon Johnson Interview
      • Larry Justesen Interview
      • Gale Lamb Interview
      • Stephen McNamee Interview
      • Allen Mooney Interview
      • Rob Orchard Interview
      • Robert Parsons Interview
      • Dick Sackett Interview
      • Comments by Delena
    • NRCS Interviews: Wyoming
  • Western Weed Control Conference 1940s Minutes
    • 1942 Conference
    • 1945 Conference
    • 1946 Conference
  • Who am I?
    • My Work
    • My Adventures
    • Contact Page
  • Road Logs
    • Colorado Road Logs
    • Idaho Road Logs
    • Montana Road Logs
    • New Mexico Road Logs
    • Texas Road Logs
    • Wyoming Road Logs
  • Bibliography