MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE WESTERN USA
  • Defining the Problem
    • What is a Weed? >
      • Federal Definitions of Noxious Weeds
    • Costs of invasive plants
    • Human Factor
    • Challenges of Invasive Plants
    • Wildfires in the Western USA >
      • Forest Fires: Structure
      • Bark Beetles & Forest Ecosystems
      • Rangeland Fires
    • Climate Change Impacts on Plants >
      • Climate Change: CO2, NO, UV, Ozone Impacts on Plants
      • Climate Change Impacts on Crops
      • Climate Change Impacts on C4 Plants
      • Climate Change Impacts on Rangeland
    • What are we doing?
  • Focus of this Project
    • Why Western States? >
      • Audience for these reports
    • History: Are we doomed to repeat it? >
      • Dust Bowl Re-visited >
        • China: Past & Present
        • UN Biodiversity Report
    • Policy vs. Practice
    • Ecosystems & Economics >
      • Reductionist Approach to science
      • Ecology & Feminism
      • Systems View of Life
      • Ecosystems Health
      • Economic Growth
      • Impact of the Petrochemical Industry
      • Interrelation of Economics & Ecology
    • Federal Agencies >
      • Federal Agencies and Invasive Species
      • History of Coordination with States
      • Challenges of Coordination between Federal Agencies
      • Collaboration or Confusion
    • Organizations to assist landowners
    • Federal Legislation on Invasive Species >
      • 1930s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • Federal Seed Act 1939
      • 1940s-1960s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1970s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1980s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1990s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 2000-2010 Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 2011-2022 Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • Federal Bills on Invasive Species not passed
      • Executive Orders on Invasive Species
      • Federal Excise Taxes
    • State Laws and Lists of Noxious Weeds
    • My Inspirations
  • Why we need plants
    • Native Plants
    • Plant Resources
  • Invasive Success Hypotheses
    • Unified Framework
    • Role of Diversity >
      • How Ecosystems Maintain Diversity
      • Fluctuation Dependent Mechanisms
      • Competition-based coexistence mechanisms
      • Niche Differences
      • Species Richness
    • Enemy Release Hypothesis
    • Constitutive Defense Mechanisms
    • Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability
    • Role of Microbes
    • Indirect Defense Mechanisms
    • Novel weapons hypothesis
    • Evolutionary Shifts
    • Resource Allocation
    • Evolutionary Dynamics >
      • Pre-introduction evolutionary history
      • Sampling Effect
      • Founder Effect
      • Admixture, hybridization and polyploidization
      • Rapid Evolution
      • Epigenetics
      • Second Genomes
    • Role of Hybridization
    • Role of Native Plant Neighbors
    • Species Performance
    • Role of Herbivory
    • Evolutionary Reduced Competitive Ability
    • Summary Thoughts on Research
  • Historical Record
    • Regional Conferences
    • Timeline
  • Innovative Solutions
    • Agricultural Best Practices >
      • Ecologically based Successional Management
      • Perennial Crops, Intercropping, beneficial insects
      • Soil Solarization
      • Natural Farming
      • Permaculture
      • Organic Farming
      • Embedding Natural Habitats
      • Conservation Tillage
      • Crop Rotation
      • Water Use Practices
      • Tree Planting: Pros & Cons
    • Grazing Solutions >
      • Sheep and Goat Grazing
      • Cattle & Sheep Grazing
      • Cattle and Bison Grazing
      • Grazing and Revegetation
    • Rangeland Restoration >
      • Federal Goals for Rangelands
      • Novel Ecosystems
      • Prairie Restoration >
        • Prairie Restoration Workshop
        • Weed Prevention Areas
        • California grassland restoration
        • Selah: Bamberger Ranch Preserve
      • Sagebrush Steppe Restoration >
        • Low Nitrogen in Sagebrush Steppe
      • Revegetation with Native Plants
      • Dogs as detectors of noxious weeds
    • Nudges
  • Biological Control
    • Insects as Biocontrol >
      • Impacts of Biocontrol Agents on Non-Target Species
      • Indirect Impact of Biocontrol on Native Species
    • Challenges of Using Biocontrols >
      • DNA studies on Biocontrol Insects
      • Biocontrol takes time
    • Prioritization process for Biocontrol Programs
    • Evolutionary changes impact Biocontrol
    • Vertebrates as Biocontrol Agents
  • Herbicides: History and Impacts
    • Effectiveness of Herbicides in Agricultural Lands
    • Effectiveness of Herbicides in Rangelands
    • History of Use of Herbicides and Pesticides Prior to and During WWII
    • Herbicide use during and post-World War II >
      • 2,4-D Herbicide Use
      • 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, post-World War II
    • Modern use of Herbicides >
      • Atrazine Herbicide
      • Dicamba Herbicide
      • Glyphosate Herbicide
      • Paraquat Dichloride
      • Picolinic acid family of herbicides >
        • Picloram (Tordon 22K) Herbicide
        • Triclopyr Herbicide
    • Herbicide Resistance in Invasive Plants >
      • Herbicide Resistant Crops
      • Controlling herbicide-resistant weeds in herbicide-resistant crops
      • Best Management Practices
    • Myth of the Silver Bullet
    • Myth of Eradication
    • Merging of Agrochemical Companies
    • Impacts of Pesticides on Environment and Human Health >
      • Pesticide Drift
      • Impacts of Pesticides on Biological Diversity
      • Impacts of Herbicides on Native Plants
      • Pesticide Impacts on Insects >
        • Butterflies: The Impacts of Herbicides
        • Monarch Butterflies: Impacts of Herbicides
      • Impacts of Pesticides on Wildlife >
        • Reptiles & Amphibians: Pesticide Impacts
      • Pesticide Residue in Foods
    • Funding for Research on Pesticides
    • Commentary on Herbicide Use
  • Interviews
    • Interviews Biocontrol >
      • Biocontrol Wyoming
      • Montana Biocontrol Interview Maggio
      • Montana Biocontrol Interview Breitenfeldt
    • California Interviews >
      • Robert Price
      • Doug Johnson
    • Colorado Interviews >
      • George Beck Interview
      • Scott Nissen Interview
    • Idaho Interviews >
      • Purple Sage Organic Farms in Idaho
    • Montana Interviews >
      • Jasmine Reimer Interview Montana
      • Organic Farms Montana Interviews
    • Texas Interviews
    • Washington Interviews >
      • Ray Willard
    • Wyoming Interviews >
      • Slade Franklin Interview
      • John Samson Interview
    • Wyoming Weed and Pest Districts >
      • Josh Shorb Interview
      • Slade Franklin Interview 2
      • Lars Baker Interview
      • Steve Brill Interview
      • George Hittle Interview
      • Peter Illoway Interview
      • Robert Jenn Interview
      • Sharon Johnson Interview
      • Larry Justesen Interview
      • Gale Lamb Interview
      • Stephen McNamee Interview
      • Allen Mooney Interview
      • Rob Orchard Interview
      • Robert Parsons Interview
      • Dick Sackett Interview
      • Comments by Delena
    • NRCS Interviews: Wyoming
  • Western Weed Control Conference 1940s Minutes
    • 1942 Conference
    • 1945 Conference
    • 1946 Conference
  • Who am I?
    • My Work
    • My Adventures
    • Contact Page
  • Road Logs
    • Colorado Road Logs
    • Idaho Road Logs
    • Montana Road Logs
    • New Mexico Road Logs
    • Texas Road Logs
    • Wyoming Road Logs
  • Bibliography

US Federal Legislation
passed in 2011-2022

Photo: Glacier National Park, Montana. Copyright 2013 Delena Norris-Tull

Legislation signed into law in 2011 or later

​Summarized by Dr. Delena Norris-Tull, Professor Emerita of Science Education, University of Montana Western, updated June 2022

Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), 2011
                  Pub. L. 111-353, Jan. 4, 2011
                 
                  21 USC 2201-2252
                  US Code, Title 21, Food and Drugs
                  Chapter 27, Food Safety Modernization
                  Sections 2201-2252
 
                  Agencies: US Department of Health & Human Services, Food & Drug Administration; US Department of Agriculture; US Department of Homeland Security
 
“Enacted… in response to dramatic changes in the global food system and in our understanding of foodborne illness and its consequences, including the realization that preventable foodborne illness is both a significant public health problem and a threat to the economic well-being of the food system.” It is the most significant law to address food safety since 1938.
 
This Act gives the FDA additional authorities to protect the public from foodborne illnesses, including mandatory recall authority. And it gives the FDA new authorities  to regulate food production and to assess the quality of imported products.
 
This law amends the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938. “The law also amends the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act of 2002, to address intentional adulteration of foods.” And it tasks the affected agencies with developing a National Agriculture and Food Defense Strategy.
 
The National Strategy “shall include a description of the process to be used by the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Homeland Security to achieve the following goals:
   (A) Preparedness goal
         Enhance the preparedness of the agriculture and food system by-
         (i) conducting vulnerability assessments of the agriculture and food system;
         (ii) mitigating vulnerabilities of the system;
         (iii) improving communication and training relating to the system;
         (iv) developing and conducting exercises to test decontamination and disposal plans;
         (v) developing modeling tools to improve event consequence assessment and decision support; and
         (vi) preparing risk communication tools and enhancing public awareness through outreach.
   (B) Detection goal
         Improve agriculture and food system detection capabilities by-
         (i) identifying contamination in food products at the earliest possible time; and
         (ii) conducting surveillance to prevent the spread of diseases.
    (C) Emergency response goal
         Ensure an efficient response to agriculture and food emergencies by-
         (i) immediately investigating animal disease outbreaks and suspected food contamination;
         (ii) preventing additional human illnesses;
         (iii) organizing, training, and equipping animal, plant, and food emergency response teams of-
               (I) the Federal Government; and
               (II) State, local, and tribal governments;
         (iv) designing, developing, and evaluating training and exercises carried out under agriculture and food defense plans; and
         (v) ensuring consistent and organized risk communication to the public by-
             (I) the Federal Government;
             (II) State, local, and tribal governments; and
             (III) the private sector.
   (D) Recovery goal
         Secure agriculture and food production after an agriculture or food emergency by-
         (i) working with the private sector to develop business recovery plans to rapidly resume agriculture, food production, and international trade;
         (ii) conducting exercises of the plans described in subparagraph (C) with the goal of long-term recovery results;
         (iii) rapidly removing, and effectively disposing of-
             (I) contaminated agriculture and food products; and
             (II) infected plants and animals; and
         (iv) decontaminating and restoring areas affected by an agriculture or food emergency.”
 
“The Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Agriculture, shall within 180 days of January 4, 2011, and annually thereafter, submit to the relevant committees of Congress, and make publicly available on the …website of the Department of Homeland Security, a report on the activities of the Food and Agriculture Government Coordinating Council and the Food and Agriculture Sector Coordinating Council, including the progress of such Councils on-
   (1) facilitating partnerships between public and private entities to help coordinate and enhance the protection of the agriculture and food system of the United States;
   (2) providing for the regular and timely interchange of information between each council relating to the security of the agriculture and food system (including intelligence information);
   (3) identifying best practices and methods for improving the coordination among Federal, State, local, and private sector preparedness and response plans for agriculture and food defense; and
   (4) recommending methods by which to protect the economy and the public health of the United States from the effects of-
         (A) animal or plant disease outbreaks;
         (B) food contamination; and
        (C) natural disasters affecting agriculture and food.”
 
While this law may not seem as connected to the management of invasive plants as do other laws, it provides additional supports for collaborations between States, Tribes, and the Federal Government related to the management of invasive plants, due to the economic threats that invasive plants hold for agricultural production. Indeed, it would not be a stretch to consider that threat a “natural disaster.”
 
Agricultural Improvement Act, 2018 (the latest amendments to the Farm Bill, which was initiated in the 1930s)
                  Pub.L. 115-334, Dec. 20, 2018
 
                  7 USC 9011-9097
                  US Code, Title 7, Agriculture
                  Chapter Agricultural Commodity Policy & Programs
                  Sections 9011-9097
 
                  Agency: USDA

2018 Act: “To provide for the reform and continuation of agricultural and other programs of the Department of Agriculture through fiscal year 2023, and for other purposes.”

The Farm Bill provides support in many ways: provides subsidies to various agricultural producers, to reduce the cost of foods; provides loans to agricultural producers; provides payments to farmers and ranchers to take land out of production, and to create conservation easements (Conservation Reserve Program: CRP); provides disaster relief to farmers and ranchers; supports a wide variety of agricultural research programs, including Integrated Management Systems & sustainable development & organic farming; provides support to private and public agencies to support forestry health & support forest products; supports various conservation programs; provides support for agricultural marketing; provides nutritional support for individuals and families in poverty, including food stamps, housing subsidies, emergency food for disaster victims; supports nutrition education; provides development support for rural communities.
 
The John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, 2019
                  Pub. L. 116-9, March 12, 2019
                 
                  US Codes:
                  Title 16, Conservation
                  Title 43, Public Lands
                  Title 54, National Park Service & Related Programs
                  Various sections are addressed
                 
                  Agencies: US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Reclamation, Fish & Wildlife Service, National Park Service; US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
 
The Wildlife Innovation and Longevity Driver (WILD) Act, introduced into the Senate by Republican Senator, John Barrasso of Wyoming, as S. 826 in 2017, passed the US Senate in 2017, but did not get voted on in the House of Representatives during the 2017-2018 Legislative Session (115th Congress).
 
After the failure of this bill to pass Congress, amendments to the Fish & Wildlife Coordination Act, also called the Wildlife Innovation and Longevity Driver Act, were introduced into the Senate by John Barrasso, as S. 268 on January 29, 2019, with five co-sponsors. “A bill to reauthorize the Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program and certain wildlife conservation funds, to establish prize competitions relating to the prevention of wildlife poaching and trafficking, wildlife conservation, the management of invasive species, and the protection of endangered species, to amend the Marine Turtle Conservation Act of 2004 to modify the protections provided by that Act, and for other purposes.”
 
The WILD bill was not voted on in the Senate.
 
on January 8, 2019, a related bill, S.47 was introduced into the Senate by Republican Senator, Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, as the “John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act,” with 15 co-sponsors. The stated purpose of this Act is, “To provide for the management of the natural resources of the United States, and for other purposes.”
 
John Dingell, Jr. was a Democratic Congressman who served in the US House of Representatives from 1955-2015. He served for the State of Michigan for 59 years and was the longest serving member of Congress in US history. His father had served in Congress before him. After his retirement, his wife, Debbie Dingell, was elected to the US House of Representatives. John Dingell, Jr. died in 2019.
 
This important conservation bill passed the Senate & the House and was signed into law March 12, 2019. The law reauthorizes the Land and Water Conservation Fund indefinitely. The law is funded partially by offshore drilling royalties.
 
Within this law, TITLE VII-WILDLIFE HABITAT AND CONSERVATION addresses many of the aspects that had been included in the WILD Act. “Certain federal departments and agencies shall implement activities to protect water and wildlife to control invasive species on the lands which they manage. Such departments and agencies must use all tools and flexibilities available to them to expedite certain projects and activities for the protection of water or wildlife from an invasive species.”

Slade Franklin clarified that this law:
  1. Requires the Federal Departments to prioritize funding for "on-the-ground" efforts when managing invasive species (75% of funding).
  2. Allows various Agencies to enter into "cooperative agreements" with state and county partners for invasive species management.  (Not all agencies, such as the Bureau of Reclamation, were capable of doing agreements before this legislation)
  3. Requires the Federal Departments to have invasive species strategic plans.

This law provides for the reauthorization and funding of various fish and wildlife conservation Acts, including for the protection of marine turtles, freshwater turtles and tortoises, neotropical migratory bird conservation, and various wildlife conservation programs, including African elephants, Asian elephants, rhinoceros, tigers, and great apes.
 
Section 9003 of the Act creates the John S. McCain III 21st Century Conservation Service Corps Act. John McCain was a US Senator, representing Arizona from 1987 until his death in 2018. He served in the military as a naval aviator during the Vietnam War and was a Prisoner of War in Vietnam for six years.
 
Section 9003 amends the Public Lands Corps Act of 1993 (16 USC 1724). It creates a Corps designed:
   “To protect, restore, or enhance marine, estuarine, riverine, and coastal habitat ecosystem components--
       (i) to promote the recovery of threatened species, endangered species, and managed fisheries;
       (ii) to restore fisheries, protected resources, and habitats impacted by oil and chemical spills and natural disasters; or
       (iii) to enhance the resilience of coastal ecosystems, communities, and economies through habitat
conservation.”
 
It also amends the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 to create the Indian Youth Corps, with participant terms of service determined in consultation with the tribes. Members of the two Service Corps shall be ‘‘individuals between the ages of 16 and 30, inclusive, and veterans age 35 or younger.”
 
“The Secretary [of Transportation] may provide to Corps participants … transportation to and from appropriate conservation project sites... The Secretary may provide individual placements of resource assistants to carry out research or resource protection activities.’’ The Corps participants will be paid for their participation in conservation projects.
 
In addition, the law designates an additional 1.3 million US acres of wilderness areas. And the law establishes a number of new National Historical Parks, National Heritage Areas, National Scenic Areas, and National Monuments. This law also expands hunting, non-commercial fishing, and recreational shooting access on Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management lands.
 
America’s Conservation Enhancement Act, 2020
                  Pub. L. 116-188, Oct. 30, 2020
                 
                  7 USC 8351-8356
                  US Code, Title 7, Agriculture
                  Chapter 109A, Control of Wild Animals
                  Sections 8351-8356
 
                  16 USC 661-669, 8201-8213
                  US Code, Title 16, Conservation
                  Chapter 5A, Protection & Conservation of Wildlife, Sections 661-668
                  Chapter 5B, Wildlife Restoration, Section 669
                  Chapter 101, National Fish Habitat Conservation through Partnerships, Sections 8201-8213
 
                  Agencies: US Department of Defense, Army Corps of Engineers; US Department of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service; US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
 
The America’s Conservation Enhancement Act (ACE) was sponsored by Republican Senator, John Barrasso of Wyoming, as S. 3051, on December 12, 2019, with nine co-sponsors from both parties. It passed the Senate and the House and was signed into law October 30, 2020.
 
Section 105 of the ACE provides amendments to the Fish & Wildlife Coordination Act, including increased funding for managing invasive species. And it provides reauthorization and funding for various fish and wildlife conservation projects, including habitat restoration projects.
 
Section 8201 states, “The purpose of this chapter is to encourage partnerships among public agencies and other interested persons to promote fish conservation-
   (1) to achieve measurable habitat conservation results through strategic actions of Fish Habitat Partnerships that lead to better fish habitat conditions and increased fishing opportunities by-
         (A) improving ecological conditions;
         (B) restoring natural processes; or
         (C) preventing the decline of intact and healthy systems.”
 
Among other things, the ACE regulates the commercial fishing industry, in order to protect natural resources. It establishes a task force to address chronic wasting disease in fish, and compensates ranchers for lost livestock due to predation, and provides funds to combat invasive species. And this law places emphasis on coordination of Federal activities with States and tribes. And it emphasizes interagency cooperation: “Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, and every 5 years thereafter, the Director [of the US Fish & Wildlife Service], in cooperation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Assistant Administrator, the Environmental Protection Agency Assistant Administrator, the Director of the United States Geological Survey, and the heads of other appropriate Federal departments and agencies … shall develop an interagency operational plan.”
 
The ACE provides amendments to the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act of 2019, and to the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA), which was first enacted as law in 1934.
​
Previous Sections on Federal Legislation:
  • 1930s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
  • Federal Seed Act 1939
  • ​1940s-1960s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
  • 1970s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
  • 1980s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
  • 1990s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
  • 2000-2010 Federal Laws on Invasive Species​

​Next Sections on Federal & State Laws on Invasive Species:
  • Federal Bills on Invasive Species not passed
  • Executive Orders on Invasive Species
  • Federal Excise Taxes
  • State Laws and Lists of Noxious Weeds
  • My Inspirations
Copyright: Dr. Delena Norris-Tull, July 2020. Management of Invasive Plants in the Western USA.

These webpages are always under construction. I welcome corrections and additions to any page.
​Send me an email, and I can send you the original Word format version of any page you wish to correct.
contact Dr. Norris-Tull
Bibliography
who am i?
My work
my inspirations
my adventures
  • Defining the Problem
    • What is a Weed? >
      • Federal Definitions of Noxious Weeds
    • Costs of invasive plants
    • Human Factor
    • Challenges of Invasive Plants
    • Wildfires in the Western USA >
      • Forest Fires: Structure
      • Bark Beetles & Forest Ecosystems
      • Rangeland Fires
    • Climate Change Impacts on Plants >
      • Climate Change: CO2, NO, UV, Ozone Impacts on Plants
      • Climate Change Impacts on Crops
      • Climate Change Impacts on C4 Plants
      • Climate Change Impacts on Rangeland
    • What are we doing?
  • Focus of this Project
    • Why Western States? >
      • Audience for these reports
    • History: Are we doomed to repeat it? >
      • Dust Bowl Re-visited >
        • China: Past & Present
        • UN Biodiversity Report
    • Policy vs. Practice
    • Ecosystems & Economics >
      • Reductionist Approach to science
      • Ecology & Feminism
      • Systems View of Life
      • Ecosystems Health
      • Economic Growth
      • Impact of the Petrochemical Industry
      • Interrelation of Economics & Ecology
    • Federal Agencies >
      • Federal Agencies and Invasive Species
      • History of Coordination with States
      • Challenges of Coordination between Federal Agencies
      • Collaboration or Confusion
    • Organizations to assist landowners
    • Federal Legislation on Invasive Species >
      • 1930s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • Federal Seed Act 1939
      • 1940s-1960s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1970s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1980s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 1990s Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 2000-2010 Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • 2011-2022 Federal Laws on Invasive Species
      • Federal Bills on Invasive Species not passed
      • Executive Orders on Invasive Species
      • Federal Excise Taxes
    • State Laws and Lists of Noxious Weeds
    • My Inspirations
  • Why we need plants
    • Native Plants
    • Plant Resources
  • Invasive Success Hypotheses
    • Unified Framework
    • Role of Diversity >
      • How Ecosystems Maintain Diversity
      • Fluctuation Dependent Mechanisms
      • Competition-based coexistence mechanisms
      • Niche Differences
      • Species Richness
    • Enemy Release Hypothesis
    • Constitutive Defense Mechanisms
    • Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability
    • Role of Microbes
    • Indirect Defense Mechanisms
    • Novel weapons hypothesis
    • Evolutionary Shifts
    • Resource Allocation
    • Evolutionary Dynamics >
      • Pre-introduction evolutionary history
      • Sampling Effect
      • Founder Effect
      • Admixture, hybridization and polyploidization
      • Rapid Evolution
      • Epigenetics
      • Second Genomes
    • Role of Hybridization
    • Role of Native Plant Neighbors
    • Species Performance
    • Role of Herbivory
    • Evolutionary Reduced Competitive Ability
    • Summary Thoughts on Research
  • Historical Record
    • Regional Conferences
    • Timeline
  • Innovative Solutions
    • Agricultural Best Practices >
      • Ecologically based Successional Management
      • Perennial Crops, Intercropping, beneficial insects
      • Soil Solarization
      • Natural Farming
      • Permaculture
      • Organic Farming
      • Embedding Natural Habitats
      • Conservation Tillage
      • Crop Rotation
      • Water Use Practices
      • Tree Planting: Pros & Cons
    • Grazing Solutions >
      • Sheep and Goat Grazing
      • Cattle & Sheep Grazing
      • Cattle and Bison Grazing
      • Grazing and Revegetation
    • Rangeland Restoration >
      • Federal Goals for Rangelands
      • Novel Ecosystems
      • Prairie Restoration >
        • Prairie Restoration Workshop
        • Weed Prevention Areas
        • California grassland restoration
        • Selah: Bamberger Ranch Preserve
      • Sagebrush Steppe Restoration >
        • Low Nitrogen in Sagebrush Steppe
      • Revegetation with Native Plants
      • Dogs as detectors of noxious weeds
    • Nudges
  • Biological Control
    • Insects as Biocontrol >
      • Impacts of Biocontrol Agents on Non-Target Species
      • Indirect Impact of Biocontrol on Native Species
    • Challenges of Using Biocontrols >
      • DNA studies on Biocontrol Insects
      • Biocontrol takes time
    • Prioritization process for Biocontrol Programs
    • Evolutionary changes impact Biocontrol
    • Vertebrates as Biocontrol Agents
  • Herbicides: History and Impacts
    • Effectiveness of Herbicides in Agricultural Lands
    • Effectiveness of Herbicides in Rangelands
    • History of Use of Herbicides and Pesticides Prior to and During WWII
    • Herbicide use during and post-World War II >
      • 2,4-D Herbicide Use
      • 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, post-World War II
    • Modern use of Herbicides >
      • Atrazine Herbicide
      • Dicamba Herbicide
      • Glyphosate Herbicide
      • Paraquat Dichloride
      • Picolinic acid family of herbicides >
        • Picloram (Tordon 22K) Herbicide
        • Triclopyr Herbicide
    • Herbicide Resistance in Invasive Plants >
      • Herbicide Resistant Crops
      • Controlling herbicide-resistant weeds in herbicide-resistant crops
      • Best Management Practices
    • Myth of the Silver Bullet
    • Myth of Eradication
    • Merging of Agrochemical Companies
    • Impacts of Pesticides on Environment and Human Health >
      • Pesticide Drift
      • Impacts of Pesticides on Biological Diversity
      • Impacts of Herbicides on Native Plants
      • Pesticide Impacts on Insects >
        • Butterflies: The Impacts of Herbicides
        • Monarch Butterflies: Impacts of Herbicides
      • Impacts of Pesticides on Wildlife >
        • Reptiles & Amphibians: Pesticide Impacts
      • Pesticide Residue in Foods
    • Funding for Research on Pesticides
    • Commentary on Herbicide Use
  • Interviews
    • Interviews Biocontrol >
      • Biocontrol Wyoming
      • Montana Biocontrol Interview Maggio
      • Montana Biocontrol Interview Breitenfeldt
    • California Interviews >
      • Robert Price
      • Doug Johnson
    • Colorado Interviews >
      • George Beck Interview
      • Scott Nissen Interview
    • Idaho Interviews >
      • Purple Sage Organic Farms in Idaho
    • Montana Interviews >
      • Jasmine Reimer Interview Montana
      • Organic Farms Montana Interviews
    • Texas Interviews
    • Washington Interviews >
      • Ray Willard
    • Wyoming Interviews >
      • Slade Franklin Interview
      • John Samson Interview
    • Wyoming Weed and Pest Districts >
      • Josh Shorb Interview
      • Slade Franklin Interview 2
      • Lars Baker Interview
      • Steve Brill Interview
      • George Hittle Interview
      • Peter Illoway Interview
      • Robert Jenn Interview
      • Sharon Johnson Interview
      • Larry Justesen Interview
      • Gale Lamb Interview
      • Stephen McNamee Interview
      • Allen Mooney Interview
      • Rob Orchard Interview
      • Robert Parsons Interview
      • Dick Sackett Interview
      • Comments by Delena
    • NRCS Interviews: Wyoming
  • Western Weed Control Conference 1940s Minutes
    • 1942 Conference
    • 1945 Conference
    • 1946 Conference
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